Precise line-of-sight vector estimation based on an inter-satellite radio frequency system

This paper proposes a precise line-of-sight (LOS) vector estimation using an inter-satellite radio frequency system. GNSS-like technology is inherited such that the ranging signals are locally generated inside the formation. However, the approach differs from the standard GNSS model usage in that the LOS vector to be of a unit length is fully explored as a priori constraint for the carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution. The constraint is lumped to the mapping process from the real-valued ambiguities to the integers by what is called validation or subset ambiguity bounding. These two approaches have the same rules of regarding the constraint as a gateway to accept or reject the ambiguity candidates, but differ by using “all-ambiguity-set” and “subset-ambiguity”. Both show remarkable improvement with up to 80% lower integer fixing failure rates than without treating the constraint. Validation provides a slightly better performance than the subset ambiguity bounding in terms of the integer fixing failure rates and the computational efficiency. The predefined tolerance regions that are critical for these two methods are analytically determined as function of the carrier noise. The paper also introduces a LOS dependent ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP_LOS) measure that can serve as a metric to characterize the expectation of being able to successfully resolve the ambiguities. The region of ADOP_LOS lower than 0.21 is empirically summarized as the safe region where the integer fixing failure rates are less than 1%. A closed form of the ADOP_LOS is derived which is able to capture the impact of the various factors. Antenna baseline geometries and multiple frequencies in the form of an ultra-BOC signal structure are demonstrated as the most important influencing factors. With multiple properly arrayed antennas and using ultra-BOC structure, instantaneous ambiguity resolution can be achieved and the LOS accuracy can reach millimeter level.     

Towards PPP-RTK: Ambiguity resolution in real-time precise point positioning

Integer ambiguity resolution at a single station can be achieved by introducing predetermined uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs) into the float ambiguity estimates of precise point positioning (PPP). This integer resolution technique has the potential of leading to a PPP-RTK (real-time kinematic) model where PPP provides rapid convergence to a reliable centimeter-level positioning accuracy based on an RTK reference network. Nonetheless, implementing this model is technically subject to how rapidly we can fix wide-lane ambiguities, stabilize narrow-lane UPD estimates, and achieve the first ambiguity-fixed solution. To investigate these issues, we used 7 days of 1-Hz sampling GPS data at 91 stations across Europe. We find that at least 10 min of observations are required for most receiver types to reliably fix about 90% of wide-lane ambiguities corresponding to high elevations, and over 20 min to fix about 90% of those corresponding to low elevations. Moreover, several tens of minutes are usually required for a regional network before a narrow-lane UPD estimate stabilizes to an accuracy of far better than 0.1 cycles. Finally, for hourly data, ambiguity resolution can significantly improve the accuracy of epoch-wise position estimates from 13.7, 7.1 and 11.4 cm to 0.8, 0.9 and 2.5 cm for the East, North and Up components, respectively, but a few tens of minutes is required to achieve the first ambiguity-fixed solution. Therefore, from the timeliness aspect, our PPP-RTK model currently cannot satisfy the critical requirement of instantaneous precise positioning where ambiguity-fixed solutions have to be achieved within at most a few seconds. However, this model can still be potentially applied to some near-real-time remote sensing applications, such as the GPS meteorology.     

Integrating BDS and GPS for precise relative orbit determination of LEO formation flying

Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) formation-flying satellites have been widely applied in many kinds of space geodesy. Precise Relative Orbit Determination(PROD) is an essential prerequisite for the LEO formation-flying satellites to complete their mission in space. The contribution of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS) to the accuracy and reliability of PROD of LEO formation-flying satellites based on a Global Positioning System(GPS) is studied using a simulation method. Firstly, when BDS is added to GPS, the mean number of visible satellites increases from9.71 to 21.58. Secondly, the results show that the 3-Dimensional(3 D) accuracy of PROD, based on BDS-only, GPS-only and BDS + GPS, is 0.74 mm, 0.66 mm and 0.52 mm, respectively. When BDS co-works with GPS, the accuracy increases by 29.73%. Geostationary-Earth-Orbit(GEO) satellites and Inclined Geosynchronous-Orbit(IGSO) satellites are only distributed over the Asia-Pacific region; however, they could provide a global improvement to PROD. The difference in PROD results between the Asia-Pacific region and the non-Asia-Pacific region is not apparent. Furthermore, the value of the Ambiguity Dilution Of Precision(ADOP), based on BDS + GPS, decreases by 7.50% and 8.26%, respectively, compared with BDS-only and GPS-only. Finally, if the relative position between satellites is only a few kilometres, the effect of ephemeris errors on PROD could be ignored. However, for a several-hundred-kilometre separation of the LEO satellites, the SingleDifference(SD) ephemeris errors of GEO satellites would be on the order of centimetres. The experimental results show that when IGSO satellites and Medium-Earth-Orbit(MEO) satellites co-work with GEO satellites, the accuracy decreases by 17.02%.     

基于天线方向图优化设计的星载双基地SAR模糊抑制方法

由于小卫星接收天线面积受限，星载双基地SAR图像的模糊比与传统大卫星SAR相比有较大幅度的提高。在研究了星载双基地SAR模糊特殊性的基础上，利用模糊功率在发射天线方向上强度分布的先验信息，以本文定义的信号模糊噪声比（SANR）为优化目标，推导出最优天线阵权矢量。用实际卫星参数进行了仿真，结果表明基于最优天线阵权矢量的天线方向图可有效地抑制模糊功率，改善总模糊比最多可达15dB。     

混沌二相编码雷达引信研究

研究了混沌系统在二相编码雷达引信中的应用，从雷达信号波形设计的角度，研究和对比分析了四种典型混沌系统产生的二相伪随机码的各种性质，实验结果表明，基于这几种混沌模型的二相编码都具有良好的平衡性，随机性，游程性和模糊性，而这其中又以Logistic编码为最佳。根据对Logistic模型编码信号进行的模糊分析，认为在于该模型的二相伪随机编码在雷达引信波形方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

基于双通道距离频率干涉相位解运动目标径向速度模糊方法

针对合成孔径雷达/地面动目标检测系统中动目标径向速度估计存在模糊的问题,提出一种基于双通道距离频率干涉相位解模糊的方法。该方法通过构造干涉相位与距离频率的关系,利用干涉相位随距离频率变化的斜率关系实现径向速度无模糊估计。该斜率与相位缠绕无关,所以所提方法具有不受相位缠绕影响的优点。为了减小噪声对径向速度估计的影响,利用最小二乘线性拟合方法估计该斜率。此方法能实现杂波背景和多目标情况下的应用。通过仿真和实测数据处理验证了所提方法的有效性。     

X射线脉冲星绝对定位法研究

研究和分析了脉冲星定位方法中的绝对定位法。通过一系列的公式和图表详细分析了定位算法的理论依据,同时还对整周模糊度问题的解算进行了研究。最后,利用MATLAB建立了一个简单模型,对定位算法进行仿真。结果表明定位准确度与星载原子钟准确度、脉冲星相位模型准确度以及相位观测误差有直接联系。     

附加双差模糊度网解约束的GNSS相位延迟估计

针对现有相位延迟估计方法未利用双差模糊度网解约束的特点,提出了一种附加双差模糊度网解约束的相位延迟估计方法。首先以整周双差模糊度网解为真值更新精密单点定位(PPP)估计的非差浮点模糊度,再通过网平差法估计未校正相位延迟(UPD)。实验结果表明,PPP双差模糊度与双差模糊度网解一致性好,其宽、窄巷中误差分别为0.07周和0.11周,误差大于1周的PPP双差模糊度主要出现在卫星初升阶段。约束改变了非差浮点模糊度,从而改变了参与UPD网平差的测站,使14%新升起卫星的窄巷UPD在短时间内较无约束有大于0.2周的差异。附加约束/无约束的全天星间单差UPD差异在大于99.9%的置信水平下满足零均值假设,表明整周双差模糊度网解约束方法与无约束方法估计UPD相关产品具有等效性。研究结果可为参考网非差模糊度解算和PPP与网络实时动态定位(RTK)的融合工作提供参考。     

GPS姿态测量中模糊度函数法的适应度函数研究

基于全球卫星定位系统（GPS）双差整周模糊度的统计特性,对模糊度函数法（AFM）中的适应度函数进行了改进。分析了传统余弦适应度函数的不足,论证了适应度函数在AFM算法中的重要性。提出了设计适应度函数应满足的五条标准,在此基础上给出了一类适应度函数公式,并对性能进行测试。结果表明：该适应度函数的性能明显优于传统的余弦函数,有效提高了GPS姿态解算的成功率。     

Orbit determination performances using single- and double-differenced methods: SAC-C and KOMPSAT-2

In this paper, Global Positioning System-based (GPS) Orbit Determination (OD) for the KOrea-Multi-Purpose-SATellite (KOMPSAT)-2 using single- and double-differenced methods is studied. The requirement of KOMPSAT-2 orbit accuracy is to allow 1 m positioning error to generate 1-m panchromatic images. KOMPSAT-2 OD is computed using real on-board GPS data. However, the local time of the KOMPSAT-2 GPS receiver is not synchronized with the zero fractional seconds of the GPS time internally, and it continuously drifts according to the pseudorange epochs. In order to resolve this problem, an OD based on single-differenced GPS data from the KOMPSAT-2 uses the tagged time of the GPS receiver, and the accuracy of the OD result is assessed using the overlapping orbit solution between two adjacent days. The clock error of the GPS satellites in the KOMPSAT-2 single-differenced method is corrected using International GNSS Service (IGS) clock information at 5-min intervals. KOMPSAT-2 OD using both double- and single-differenced methods satisfies the requirement of 1-m accuracy in overlapping three dimensional orbit solutions. The results of the SAC-C OD compared with JPL’s POE (Precise Orbit Ephemeris) are also illustrated to demonstrate the implementation of the single- and double-differenced methods using a satellite that has independent orbit information available for validation.